A eternidade da Constituição: um estudo das cláusulas pétreas nos países do sudeste asiático
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21056/aec.v25i102.2041Palavras-chave:
cláusulas pétreas; constituição; identidade constitucional; reforma constitucional; emendas constitucionais.Resumo
As constituições, enquanto documentos jurídicos mais elevados, incluem frequentemente cláusulas pétreas para proteger valores fundamentais que permanecem inalteráveis. No Sudeste Asiático, os países aplicam estas cláusulas de várias formas, refletindo os complexos contextos sociais, políticos e históricos da região. Este estudo examina a forma como os países do Sudeste Asiático aplicam as cláusulas pétreas e avalia o seu impacto na estabilidade jurídica e na reforma política. Utilizando uma abordagem comparativa multidisciplinar, a investigação centra-se nas Filipinas, Indonésia, Malásia e Myanmar, analisando as variações na sua conceção e aplicação. O estudo conclui que as cláusulas pétreas ajudam a proteger valores fundamentais como o Estado de Direito, a democracia e a integridade territorial. No entanto, estas cláusulas também geram tensões entre a necessidade de estabilidade e a procura de flexibilidade jurídica. A novidade do estudo reside na sua análise multidimensional, que liga o direito, a política e a cultura, oferecendo uma visão sobre a relevância das cláusulas pétreas no meio de desafios modernos como a globalização e as pressões democráticas. Ao integrar as dimensões jurídica, política e social, a investigação mostra que a estabilidade jurídica exige não só uma proteção formal através de cláusulas pétreas, mas também instituições fortes e uma participação pública ativa. Estas conclusões fornecem informações importantes para os decisores políticos dos países do Sudeste Asiático e contribuem para a literatura global sobre direito constitucional.
Referências
ABEYRATNE Rehan; SƠN, Ngọc Bùi. The Law and Politics of Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments in Asia, Comparative Constitutional Change. New York: Routledge, 2021.
ALBERT, Richard. The Power of Judicial Nullification in Asia and the World. In: ABEYRATNE, Rehan; SON, Bùi-ngọc (coord.). The Law and Politics of Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments in Asia, Comparative Constitutional Change. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.
ALBERT, Richard. The Three Varieties of Unamendability. In: ALBERT, Richard (coord.). Constitutional Amendments. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
ASSHIDDIQIE, Jimly. Pancasila: Identitas Konstitusi Berbangsa Dan Bernegara. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2022.
BENÍTEZ-ROJAS, Vicente F. Beyond Invalidation: Unorthodox Forms of Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments and Constitution-Amending Case Law in Colombia. Revista de Investigações Constitucionais. Curitiba, vol. 9, n. 2, p. 269-300, maio/ago. 2022.
BERCHENKO, Hryhorii. General Characteristics of the Unamendable Norms of the Constitution. Philosophy of Law and General Theory of Law. [s.l.], n. 2, p. 78–92, jan. 2023.
BERNAL, C. Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments in the Case Study of Colombia: An Analysis of the Justification and Meaning of the Constitutional Replacement Doctrine. International Journal of Constitutional Law. New York, v. 11, n. 2: 339–357 , apr. 2013.
BERTRAND, Jacques. Political Change in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
BUTKIEWICZ, James L; YANIKKAYA, Halit. Time-Consistent Polities and Growth in Developing Countries: An Empirical Analysis. Review of World Economics. [s.l.]., v. 143, n. 2, p. 306–23, jul. 2007.
CASE, William. Political Elites in Southeast Asia. In: BEST, Heinrich; HIGLEY, John (coord.). The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018.
CLEVES, Gonzalo Andres Ramirez. The Unconstitutionality of Constitutional Amendments in Colombia: The Tension Between Majoritarian Democracy and Constitutional Democracy. In: BUSTAMANTE, Thomas; FERNANDES, Bernardo Gonçalves (Coord.). Democratizing Constitutional Law. v. 113, Law and Philosophy Library. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
CROUCH, Melissa. Myanmar. In: LAW, David S.; LAU, Holning; SCHWARTZ, Alex (coord.). The Oxford Handbook of Constitutional Law in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2024.
CROUCH, Melissa. The Constitution of Myanmar: A Contextual Analysis, Constitutional Systems of the World. Oxford, New York: Hart, 2019.
DEWI, Nurul Maulinawaty Nadya. Perlindungan Terhadap Identitas Konstitusi Indonesia. Jurnal Poros Hukum Padjadjaran. Bandung, v. 2, n. 1, p. 21–37, nov. 2020.
DRESSEL, Björn. Thailand’s Elusive Quest for a Workable Constitution, 1997–2007. Contemporary Southeast Asia. [s.l.]., 31, n. 2, p. 296-325. 2009.
DRESSEL, Björn. The Judicialization of Politics in Asia. New York: Routledge, 2012.
DRESSE, Björn. The Philippines: How Much Real Democracy?. International Political Science Review. [s.l.], v. 32, n. 5, p. 529–545, nov. 2011.
EBRAHIMI, Mansoureh; DRIS, Asmady; Yussof, K; SEONG, Teo Kok; HASSAN, Ahmad M. B. Hj. Religion and Identity Construction: Unity in Diversity. In: OSMAN, Amira; NAGLE, John; TRIPATHI, Sabyasachi (coord.) The Urban Ecologies of Divided Cities. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, ed. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023.
EDDYONO, Luthfi Widagdo. Quo Vadis Pancasila Sebagai Norma Konstitusi Yang Tidak Dapat Diubah. Jurnal Konstitusi. Jakarta, v. 16, n. 3, p 585, oct. 2019.
EDDYONO, Luthfi Widagdo. The Unamendable Articles of the 1945 Constitution, Constitutional Review, Jakarta, v. 2, n. 2, p. 252-269, dec. 2016.
FLEMING, James E. We the Exceptional American People. In: BARBER, Sotirios A.; GEORGE, Robert P. (coord.). Constitutional Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
GARLICKI, Lech; ROZNAI, Yaniv. Introduction: Constitutional Unamendability in Europe. European Journal of Law Reform. [s.l.], v. 21, n. 3, p. 217–225, may. 2019.
GÖZLER, Kemal. Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments: A Comparative Study. Bursa: Ekin press, 2008.
HARDING, Andrew James; LEELAPATANA, Rawin Constitution-Making in 21st-Century Thailand:The Continuing Search for a Perfect Constitutional Fit. The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law. Hong Kong, v. 7, n. 2, p. 266–84, sep. 2019.
HEIN, Michael. Impeding Constitutional Amendments: Why Are Entrenchment Clauses Codified in Contemporary Constitutions?. Acta Politica, [s.l.], v. 54, n. 2, p. 196–224, apr. 2019.
IRWANSYAH. Penelitian Hukum: Pilihan Metode & Praktik Penulisan Artikel. Yogyakarta: Mirra Buana Media, 2020.
JACKSON, Karl. Asian Contagion: The Causes and Consequences of a Financial Crisis. New York: Routledge, 2018.
KLYMENKO, K. Correlation of the Principles of Territorial Integrity of States and Self-Determination of Peoples in International Law. Uzhhorod National University Herald. [s.l.], Series: Law, n. 69, p. 444–450, apr 2022.
KYAW, Ye Phone. Collective Democratic Control of the Armed Forces: A Theoretical Understanding of the Current Structure of Myanmar Civil-Military Relations. Journal of Political & Military Sociology. Florida, v. 47, n. 1, p. 1-36, apr. 2021.
LAHAI, John Idriss; STROKIRCH, Karin von; BRASTED, Howard; WARE, Helen. Governance and Political Adaptation in Fragile States. Champ: Springer International Publishing, 2019.
LEE, Hoong Phun; TEW, Yvonne. In: The Law and Politics of Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments in Malaysia; ABEYRATNE, Rehan; SON, Ngo (Coord.). The Law and Politics of Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments in Asia. New York: Rouletdge, 2021.
LILJEBLAD, Jonathan. Constitutionalism and Legal Change in Myanmar ed. Andrew Harding and Khin Hin Hoo, Journal of Contemporary Asia, [s.l.], v. 48, n. 3, p.521–523, may. 2018.
MANACSA, Rodelio Cruz; TAN, Alexander C. ‘Strong Republic’ Sidetracked: Oligarchic Dynamics, Democratization, and Economic Development in the Philippines. Korea Observer. Seoul, v. 43, n. 1. p. 47–87. 2012.
NAJIB, Miftah Awaludin; MAR’IYAH, Chusnul. Konstitusi Myanmar Tahun 2008: Pembagian Kekuasaan Antara Sipil-Militer Pada Masa Pemerintahan Sipil Usdp (2011-2016) & Nld (2016-2021) Di Myanmar. Jurnal Syntax Admiration. Cirebon, v. 5, n. 7, p. 2681–2698, jul. 2024.
NGGILU, Novendri M. Politik Hukum Pengujian Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Secara Formal. Bandung, 2024. 63 f. Thesis (Doctorate) – Doctorate in Law Program, Universitas Padjajaran.
NGGILU, Novendri M; MOHA, Mohamad Rivaldi; SINAGA, Muhammad Ridho; RACHMANIAR, Adelia. Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments: Comparison Between India, Germany, Colombia, and the Relevancy with Indonesia, Lex Scientia Law Review, Semarang, vol. 8, n. 1, p. 261-298, sep. 2024.
NGGILU, Novendri M; PERWIRA, Indra; ABDURAHMAN, Ali. Constitutionality Review of Indonesian Constitutional Amendments: History and Future, Russian Law Journal, [s.l.], v. 11, n. 2 p. 117 - 125, apr. 2023.
O’BRIEN, Melanie. Myanmar. In: SAYAPIN, Sergey (Coord.). International Conflict and Security Law. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022.
OLCAY, Tarik. The Unamendability of Amendable Clauses: The Case of the Turkish Constitution. In: ALBERT, Richard; EMRAH, Bertil (coord.), An Unamendable Constitution?. vol. 68. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018.
OLIVIER, Bob. Some Background to Malaysia. In: OLIVIER, Bob (coord.). Islamic Revivalism and Politics in Malaysia, Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020.
OSTWALD, Kai. Regime Resilience in Malaysia and Singapore Revisited: Ideologically-Bounded Democracies?. In: OSTWALD, Kai. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024.
PIRDAUS, Dede Irman; CHAYANDARI, Rini; SALIH, Yasir. Constitutional Values, Legal Politics, and Political Stability: A Comparative Analysis in the Post-Authoritarian Context of Indonesia. International Journal of Humanities, Law, and Politics, Bandung, vol. 1, n. 4, p. 64–69, feb. 2024.
POLZIN, Monika. Constitutional Identity, Unconstitutional Amendments and the Idea of Constituent Power: The Development of the Doctrine of Constitutional Identity in German Constitutional Law, International Journal of Constitutional Law, New York, v.14, n. 2, 411–438, apr. 2016.
POLZIN, Monika. Constitutional Identity as a Constructed Reality and a Restless Soul, German Law Journal, Frankfurt, v. 18, n. 7 p. 1595–1616, dec. 2017.
POLZIN, Monika. The Basic-Structure Doctrine and Its German and French Origins: A Tale of Migration, Integration, Invention and Forgetting. Indian Law Review, [s.l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 45–61, jan. 2021.
ROZNAI, Yaniv. Constitutional Amendability and Unamendability in South-East Asia. Journal of Comparative Law, [s.l.], v. 14, n. 1, p. 188–204. 2019.
ROZNAI, Yaniv. The Theory and Practice of ‘Supra-Constitutional’ Limits on Constitutional Amendments, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Cambridge, v. 62, n. 3, p. 557–97, jul. 2013.
ROZNAI, Yaniv. Unamendability and the Genetic Code of the Constitution. NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper. New York, v. 27 n.2 p. 775-825, feb. 2025.
ROZNAI, Yaniv. Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: The Limits of Amendment Powers. First published in paperback Oxford Constitutional Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
ROZNAI, Yaniv. Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: The Migration and Success of a Constitutional Idea. The American Journal of Comparative Law. [s.l.] v. 61, n. 03, p. 657-720,. 2013.
ROZNAI, Yaniv; YOLCU, S. An Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendment--the Turkish Perspective: A Comment on the Turkish Constitutional Court’s Headscarf Decision. International Journal of Constitutional Law. New York, v. 10, n. 1 p. 175–207, jan. 2012.
SATRIO, Abdurrachman. Pemikiran Sri Soemantri Tentang Pembatasan-Pembatasan Dalam Mengubah Undang-Undang Dasar: Kontekstualisasi Denagn Keberadaan Klausul Yang Tak Dapat Diubah Dalam UUD 1945 Pasca Amandemen. In: HARJANTI, Susi Dwi. Interaksi Konstitusi Dan Politik: Kontekstualisasi Pemikiran Sri Soemantri. Bandung: PSHKN FH Unpad, 2016.
SATRIO, Abdurrachman. Restoring Indonesia’s (Un)Constitutional Constitution: Soepomo’s Authoritarian Constitution, German Law Journal. Frankfurt, v. 24, n. 2, p. 402–416, mar. 2023.
SATRIO, Abdurrachman. The Existence of the Unamendable Provision of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia: The Role of the Constitutional Court. Comparative Constitutional and Administrative Law Quarterly, [s.l.], v. 3, p. 418–37. 2017.
SEROWANIEC, Maciej; WITKOWSKI, Zbigniew. Eternity Clause – a Realistic or Merely an Illusory Way of Protecting the State’s Constitutional Identity?. Toruńskie Studia Polsko-Włoskie, [s.l.], p. 73–186, may. 2022.
SURAJIYO. Tinjauan Epistemologi Terhadap Pancasila Sebagai Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia. Ikra-ITH Humaniora: Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora. Jakarta, v. 5, n. 3 p. 54–62. 2021.
SUTEU, Silvia. Eternity Clauses in Democratic Constitutionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
SUTEU, Silvia. Eternity Clauses in Post-Conflict and Post-Authoritarian Constitution-Making: Promise and Limits. Global Constitutionalism. Edinburgh, v. 6, n. 1. p. 63–100, mar. 2017.
SYAHREZAH, Nurul Qamar Farah. Metode Penelitian Hukum Doktrinal Dan Non-Doktrinal. Makassar: Social Politik Genius, 2020.
SZAKÁLY, Zsuzsa. Constitution-Making and the Permanence of the Constitution. In: CSINK, Lóránt; TRÓCSÁNYI, László (Coord.). Legal Studies on Central Europe. Budapest, New York: Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. p. 199–222.
TEW, Yvonne. Malaysia. In: LAW, David S.; LAU, Holning; SCHWARTZ, Alex (coord.). The Oxford Handbook of Constitutional Law in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2024.
TEW, Yvonne. Malaysia’s Invisible Constitution. In: DIXON, Rosalind; STONE, Adrienne (Coord.). The Invisible Constitution in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
VINX, Lars. The Guardian of the Constitution: Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt on the Limits of Constitutional Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
WALTON, Matthew J.; THEIN, Aye. Ethnic Politics. In: SIMPSON, Adam; FARRELLY, Nicholas (coord.). Myanmar. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2023. p. 31–45.
WIECZOREK, Tomás. Carl Schmitt, Amigo De Weimar. Notas En Torno a La Verfassungslehre Como Teoría Y Doctrina De La Constitución. Isonomía - Revista de Teoría y Filosofía Del Derecho. Ciudad de México, n. 56, spring, p. 29-70, jun. 2022.
WISCHMEYER, Thomas. Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments. International Journal of Constitutional Law. New York, vol. 15, n. 4, p. 1242–1247, nov. 2017.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Novendri Mohamad Nggilu, Mohamad Rivaldi Moha, Chami Yassine, Dian Ekawaty Ismail
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0 Internacional.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
